The most radical fringe of western feminism is probably embodied in such writings as the anonymous 1974 C.L.I.T. Patriarchy is dominant and underlying, not equal and intersectional with, all other systems of oppression. The radical edgeĬlassical Western feminism, as propagated by such theorists as Kate Millett, Mary Daly and Andrea Dworkin, sees patriarchy, in all its forms, throughout history and in all societies, as the foundational system of injustice. In El Saadawi’s Egypt today, too, a burgeoning #MeToo movement continues to take to the streets and to social media. The term “rape culture” is used widely, especially on university campuses, where outrage at gender-based violence has spurred consciousness and debate but sometimes resulted in the abuse of men suspected of rape. On social media, hashtags such as #MenAreTrash and #AmINext are becoming viral commonplaces in response to horrifying growth in sexual harassment, rape and femicide. Young women, constantly apprised of the rate of gender-based violence in their country, are losing patience with men. In the 21st century African feminism is changing – particularly in the South African context. Nawal El Saadawi’s intellectual life reflected eight decades of Arab society and culture Many rejected the name “feminism” and defined alternative movements such as womanism, Stiwanism, motherism, Umoja, nego-feminism and African womanism.
They declared gender issues to be inextricably entangled with other systems of injustice and exclusion such as racism, colonialism and capitalism – what’s today defined as intersectional feminism. Though their thinking on gender was overwhelmingly binary, 20th-century African feminists insisted on the inclusion of men in every progressive crusade.
With some justification, African gender theorists denounced western feminism as a form of cultural imperialism against which African traditions needed defending. It appeared in the 20th century as somewhat moderate, mostly positioning itself in opposition to western feminism. By contrast, African feminism is largely secular (not concerned with religion). Arab feminist theory is deeply implicated with patriarchal religious debate.
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